Bretton Woods: Duniya Ka Naya Architecture
World War II (1944) ke aakhir mein duniya aadhi tabah ho chuki thi. Economy system bikhar gaya tha. 44 deshon ke leaders ko pata tha ke dobara trade shuru karne ke liye ek completely naya nizam banana hoga.
Bretton Woods, New Hampshire (America) mein ek historical meeting hui. Choounke duniya ka lagbhag 70% gold America ke pas ja chuka tha, toh America ne ek masterstroke khela. Doosri jang khatam hi hui thi ke new global rules likhe gaye.
Naya rule yeh tha: Har desh (France, UK, India aadi) apni currency ko physical gold se direct link nahi karega. Balki sab apni currency ko 'US Dollar' ke saath fix karenge. Aur US Dollar, badle mein, physical gold se back kiya jayega ($35 = 1 ounce of gold).
Isko 'Bretton Woods System' kaha jata tha. Isne US Dollar ko 'Global Reserve Currency' ka taaj pehna diya. Agar kisi desh ko international trade ya oil kharidna tha, toh usey ab primarily dollar ki zaroorat thi. Sath hi, is meeting se 2 naye idaaray nikley jinhe aap jaante hain: IMF aur World Bank.
Sochiye: Aaj bhi poori duniya petrol aur global trade dollar mein hi kyun karti hai? Root cause yehi 1944 ki Bretton Woods ki mulakaat thi jahan saari power ek desh ko de di gayi thi.
Key Takeaway
1944 mein Bretton Woods meeting ne US Dollar ko global currency bana diya (Gold ke badle proxy ke taur par) aur IMF/World Bank banaye jo aaj bhi poor deshon ko debt mein chalate hain.